GM animals
Researchers have genetically modified and/or cloned mammals (including farm animals, pets, and laboratory animals), birds, fish and insects.
Many GM animals (mainly mice) are used in laboratories for medical research. Farm animals have been genetically modified to produce drugs in their milk or to try to improve meat quality and pets have been cloned or genetically engineered to make them glow (goldfish) or try to make them non-allergenic (cats).
GM laboratory animals are widely used but most other GM animals are still at the research stage and have yet to be successful on the commercial market.
The first GM animal likely to be marketed as food is a GM salmon, which is awaiting approval for human consumption in the USA.
Tens of millions of GM mosquitoes are being released in Brazil by the UK company Oxitec in experiments intended to tackle the tropical mosquito-borne disease dengue fever. The company wants to release GM agricultural pests, including olive flies and fruit flies, in the future.
Concerns about GM animals include concerns about animal welfare issues (particularly for mammals) and complex and unpredictable impacts on ecosystems, including wild species and diseases (particularly for birds, fish and insects released or escaping into the environment). There are also concerns about introducing meat, milk and fish from GM or cloned animals into the human diet and about contamination of the human food chain with GM insects, if they are used in agriculture.
Resources
- Consultation responses
- External links
- The Hastings Center: Xenotransplantation: Three Areas of Concern (19th January 2022)
- Friends of the Earth: Gene-edited animals will intensify factory farming and the climate crisis, could harm human health (17th September 2019)
- TestBiotech: Genetically engineered hornless cattle: flaws in the genome overlooked (6th August 2019)
- TestBiotech: Gentechnik-Tiere: Risiko fuer Mensch und Umwelt (2016)
- ScienceWise: Openness in animal research A public dialogue on openness and transparency in animal research (July 2014)
- BBSRC: 72 organisations sign Concordat on Openness on Animal Reseach in the UK (14th May 2014)
- Compassion in World Farming: Say no to GMO farm animals
- EFSA: Guidance on the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified animals (23rd May 2013)
- Press articles
- MIT Technology Review: The gene-edited pig heart given to a dying patient was infected with a pig virus (4th May 2022)
- The Guardian: US FDA declares genetically modified pork 'safe to eat' (17th December 2020)
- The Counter: FDA approved its first GM pig for consumption, potentially safe for red meat allergy sufferers (15th December 2020)
- The National: Dolly the Sheep scientists genetically engineer elite stud animals (15th September 2020)
- The Scotsman: Dolly the Sheep scientists hope DNA editing can wipe out grey squirrels
- Daily Mail: World's first monkey-pig hybrids are born in Chinese lab as part of ground-breaking bid to grow human organs inside animals for transplants (7th December 2019)
- ArsTechnica: Part cow, part… bacterium? Biotech company makes heifer of gene-editing blunder (1st September 2019)
- Technology Review: Gene-edited cattle have a major screwup in their DNA (29th August 2019)
- Wired: Brazil's Plans for Gene-Edited Cows Got Scrapped - Here's Why (26th August 2019)
- The Guardian: First human-monkey chimera raises concern among scientists (3rd August 2013)
- Physics-Astronomy.org: Japan Approves Groundbreaking Experiment Bringing Human-Animal Hybrids to Term (30th July 2019)
- Reuters: Genus shares surge on deal to market gene-edited pigs in China (16th May 2019)
- NZHerald: China's gene-edited monkey clones raise ethical concerns (24th January 2019)
- The Guardian: Scientists rewrite mice DNA so genes can be spread through species (23rd January 2019)
- The Wall Street Journal: Big Tongues and Extra Vertebrae: The Unintended Consequences of Animal Gene Editing (14th December 2018)
- Science: U.S. agencies clash over who should regulate genetically engineered livestock (19th April 2018)
- Science: U.S. agencies clash over who should regulate genetically engineered livestock (19th April 2018)
- MIT Technology Review: Farmland gene editors want cows without horns, pigs without tails, and business without regulations (12th March 2018)
- The Guardian: Breakthrough as scientists grow sheep embryos containing human cells (17th February 2018)
- The Telegraph: First monkeys cloned in historic breakthrough - could humans be next? (24th January 2018)
- Farmers Guardian: Michael Gove's embrace of gene editing prompts 'Frankencow' backlash (10th January 2018)
- Daily Mail: Gove says 'Frankencows' made using genetic modification could be allowed after Brexit to help farmers produce 'more valuable' animals (4th January 2018)
- The Telegraph: Genetically-modified animals could be sold in UK after Brexit, says Michael Gove (4th January 2018)
- Quartz: Chinese scientists stuck a mouse gene into pigs to make 12 low-fat piglets (23rd October 2017)
- Telegraph: Questor: Animal geneticist's risks too great to be a cash cow (29th July 2017)
- PLoS: De-extinction is fake news (2nd April 2017)
- Stuff: Why we shouldn't bring back extinct species (1st March 2017)
- BBC: Reviving wooly mammoths will take more than two years (22nd February 2017)
- The Guardian: Undoing extinction - let's talk about the mammophant in the room (22nd February 2017)
- Medium.com: How mammoth cloning became fake news (19th February 2017)
- BBC: GM hens help build 'frozen aviary' in Edinburgh (17th February 2017)
- Popular Science: No, the wooly mammoth won't actually be resurrected by 2019 (17th February 2017)
- The Guardian: Woolly mammoth on verge of resurrection, scientists reveal (16th February 2017)
- The Scottish Farmer: Roslin researchers in ground-breaking work (12th February 2017)
- BBC: 'Tuberculosis-resistant' cattle developed in China (1st February 2017)
- Science: Proposed U.S. biotech rules raise industry hopes and anxieties (27th January 2017)
- New Scientist: Shawl thing: Cashmere could soon come from gene-edited goats (21st October 2016)
- Cape Cod Times: Genetically modified mice seen as possible weapon in Lyme disease fight (24th July 2016)
- Slate: The Problem With Super-Muscly Pigs (3rd June 2016)
- New York Times: Open Season Is Seen in Gene Editing of Animals (26th November 2015)
- BioNews: Will organs from GM pigs save our bacon? (2nd November 2015)
- MIT Technology Review: First Gene-Edited Dogs Reported in China (19th October 2015)
- Nature: Gene-editing record smashed in pigs (6th October 2015)
- Daily Record: Scientists responsible for Dolly the sheep now want to clone Edinburgh Zoo pandas (5th October 2015)
- LA Times: Pet micro pigs? Chinese biotech firm says it will sell very small swine (5th October 2015)
- Compassion in World Farming: MEPS vote to keep the EU a no clone zone (9th September 2015)
- MotherJones: This Scientist Might End Animal Cruelty - Unless GMO Hardliners Stop Him (July 2015)
- Daily Mail: What a porker! Scientists breed MUSCLY PIGS that could one day lead to super-lean bacon (30th June 2015)
- BBC: Will we ever eat genetically modified meat? (9th March 2015)
- Modern Farmer: Is the GMO Debate Aimed at Pig Testicles? (20th January 2015)
- MIT Technology Review: On the Horns of the GMO Dilemma (2nd September 2014)
- Daily Mail: GM ANIMAL BREEDING TO BE REVIEWED (10th July 2014)
- Press Association: GM ANIMALS TESTS MAY AID DRUGS BID (10th July 2014)
- The Scientist: Designer Livestock (1st June 2014)
- Fox News: Genome scientist Craig Venter in deal to make humanized pig organs (6th May 2014)
- ECNS: GM cow a step closer to commercial pastures (15th March 2014)
- The Horse: AQHA Files Appeal Related to Clone Registrations (7th January 2014)
- UK Farming: Animal welfare groups react to EU cloning proposals (2nd January 2014)
- ERR News: Juuni, Cloned Transgenic Calf, Dies Suddenly (7th October 2013)
- The Independent: A leap into the unknown: Cloned eventing horse Tamarillo is groomed for success (19th September 2013)
- The Guardian: Why cheap meat costs the Earth (4th September 2013)
- BBC: UK animal experiments increase by 8 per cent (16th July 2013)
- Public Service Europe: Public given little say on GM animals in Europe (18th April 2013)
- Daily Mail: GM super-pigs and the new threat to our food: How genetically modified produce is becoming a disturbing reality in our lives (17th April 2013)
- Daily Mail: GM meat and fish set to go on sale: Scientists to press ahead despite public outrage (16th April 2013)